![]() When adult stature is reached, osseous fusion occurs and a joint no longer exists, although a slight physeal line may mark the union. The epiphysis of an immature long bone is united with the diaphysis by a cartilaginous physeal plate. Hyaline cartilage joints, or primary joints, are usually temporary and represent persistent parts of the fetal skeleton or secondary cartilage of growing bones. Unions of this type may be formed by hyaline cartilage, by fibrocartilage, or by a combination of the two, and they are subject to change with increasing age. Many bones are united by cartilaginous joints, which are sometimes referred to as synchondroses. This specialized type of fibrous joint is formed by the periodontal ligament ( periodontium), which attaches the cementum of the tooth to the alveolar bone of the alveolus and permits slight movement. The implantation of a tooth in its alveolus by means of a fibrous union known as a gomphosis, or articulatio dentoalveolaris. When uneven jagged edges of bones interlock in a fibrous joint, as occurs in several skull bones, it is called a schindylesis. The various fibrous sutures of the skull also permit growth to take place at the periphery of the bones. The best example of this type is the zygomaticomaxillary suture. Where extreme stability is desirable, foliate sutures are formed. Examples of plane sutures are those of the ethmoid and those between most of the bones of the face. Similarly, the frontonasal and frontomaxillary squamous sutures allow enough movement to absorb the shock of a blow that might otherwise fracture the bones of the face. Where a slight degree of compressibility is advantageous, such as is required in the fetal cranium at birth, squamous sutures are found. Serrate sutures are found where stable noncompressible joints are needed, such as the parietooccipital and the interparietal unions. Depending on the shape of the apposed edges, sutures are further divided into (1) serrated suture ( sutura serrata), one that articulates by means of reciprocally alternating processes and depressions (2) squamous suture ( sutura squamosa), one that articulates by overlapping of reciprocally beveled edges (3) plane suture ( sutura plana), one in which the bones meet at an essentially right-angled edge or surface and (4) foliate suture ( sutura foliata), one in which the edge of one bone fits into a fissure or recess of an adjacent bone. The attachment of the hyoid apparatus to the petrous part of the temporal bone is an example of a syndesmosis.Ī suture ( sutura) is a fibrous joint of the type that is confined largely to the flat bones of the skull. This terminology was retained in the fifth edition of the Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria in 2005.Ī syndesmosis is a fibrous joint with a considerable amount of intervening connective tissue. The term articulationes synoviales replaces the former terms diarthrosis and articulus. Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria (1983) adopted articulatio for all joints-fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial. It should be noted that the discarded original term, syndesmologia, for all joints is similar sounding to the term syndesmosis, which is used to denote one type of fibrous joint. The sixth edition of Nomina Anatomica (1989), retained arthrologia and articulatio. This was changed to arthrology in the Birmingham Revision of 1933 and back to the original in Paris in 1955.Īt the Tokyo meeting of the International Nomenclature Committee, arthrologia was adapted as the most appropriate heading and articulatio replaced junctura. The term syndesmologia was used in the Basel Nomina Anatomica (BNA) of 1895 for the joints and ligaments. ![]() (1961) discusses the structure and mechanics of synovial joints in considerable detail. The studies of Kadletz (1932) provide detailed information on the arthrology of the dog, and the well-documented work of Barnett et al. A synovial joint ( junctura synovialis) formerly known as a diarthrosis or true joint, facilitates mobility. ![]() A cartilaginous joint ( junctura cartilaginea), formerly known as an amphiarthrosis, permits only limited movement, such as compression or stretching. Such joints include syndesmoses, sutures, and gomphoses. A fibrous joint ( junctura fibrosa), formerly known as a synarthrosis, is one of this nature. Where little movement is required, the union is short, direct, and often transitory. Three main groups are recognized and named according to their most characteristic structural features. Articulations, or joints ( articulationes ossium), are formed when two or more bones are united by fibrous, elastic, or cartilaginous tissue or by a combination of these tissues.
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